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None of the above
None of the Above (NOTA), also known as "against all" or a "scratch" vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system. It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting no on ballot questions.
Entities that include "None of the Above" on ballots as standard procedure include India ("None of the above"), Greece (λευκό, white, but unrelated to a political party of the similarly sounding name-however it is symbolic only), the U.S. state of Nevada (None of These Candidates), Ukraine (''Проти всіх''), Spain (''voto en blanco''), and Colombia (''voto en blanco''). Russia had such an option on its ballots (''Против всех'') until it was abolished in 2006. Bangladesh introduced this option (''না ভোট'') in 2008. Pakistan introduced this option on ballot papers for the 2013 Pakistan elections but later the Election Commission of Pakistan rejected this.〔http://tribune.com.pk/story/530557/none-of-the-above-vote-to-be-added-to-ballots-ecp/〕
When None of the Above is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so "winning" the election. In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect whatsoever, as in India and the US state of Nevada, where the next highest total wins regardless.
==Soviet Union==
In 1991 elections that led to the break-up of the Soviet Union, the Soviet version of "none of above" led to new elections with new candidates in 200 races of the 1,500-seat Congress of People's Deputies.〔〔http://www.arunachaltimes.in/wordpress/2013/10/09/nota-voting/〕 More than 100 incumbents representing the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were defeated in the run-off, leading to Boris Yeltsin to later say the "none of the above" option "helped convince the people they had real power even in a rigged election, and () played a role in building true democracy."〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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